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Polymorphism (computer Science) ... In the object-oriented programming community, programming using parametric polymorphism is often called generic programming...
Third-generation Programming Language ... First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Delphi, are also third-generation languages...
Strong Typing ... Interpretation Most generally, "strong typing" implies that the programming language places severe restrictions on the intermixing that is permitted to occur, preventing the compiling or running of source code which uses data in what is considered to be an invalid way...
HP Calculators ... With this in mind, HP built the HP 9100 desktop scientific calculator. This was a full-featured calculator that included not only standard "adding machine" functions but also powerful capabilities to handle floating-point numbers, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponentiation, and square roots...
Ajax (programming) ... Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information...
Ad-hoc Polymorphism ... This type of polymorphism is common in object-oriented programming languages, many of which allow operators to be overloaded in a manner similar to functions (see operator overloading)...
First-generation Programming Language ... The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system...
Second-generation Programming Language ... The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3GL) such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages... Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer... Programming language generations Generations Overview 1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL 5GL ...
Software ... It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language...
Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...
ENIAC ... ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain"...
Booting ... The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps. The usage calls attention to the paradox that a computer cannot run without first loading software but some software must run before any software can be loaded...
Computer ... Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out...
Konrad Zuse ... Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer...
Programming Language ... The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos... Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year... Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description...
Fifth-generation Programming Language ... While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer...
Duck Typing ... Duck typing is aided by habitually not testing for the type of arguments in method and function bodies, relying on documentation, clear code and testing to ensure correct use. Concept examples Consider the following pseudo-code for a duck-typed language: function calculate (a, b, c) => return (a+b)*c example1 = calculate (1, 2, 3) example2 = calculate (, 2) example3 = calculate ('apples ', 'and oranges, ', 3) print to_string example1 print to_string example2 print to_string example3 In the example, each time the calculate function is called, objects without related inheritance may be used (numbers, lists and strings)...
Plankalkül ... "Kalkül" means formal system – the Hilbert-style deduction system is for example originally called "Hilbert-Kalkül", so Plankalkül means "formal system for planning". Description Plankalkül has drawn comparisons to APL and relational algebra...
Colossus Computer ... Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Sidney Broadhurst, William Chandler, Allen Coombs and Harry Fensom. at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park...
Computer Multitasking ... Operating systems may adopt one of many different scheduling strategies, which generally fall into the following categories: In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU...
Fourth-generation Programming Language ... The natural-language, block-structured mode of the third-generation programming languages improved the process of software development... It became clear that some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors... All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development...