Structured Programming Ensuring Logical Programming

Booting ... The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps. The usage calls attention to the paradox that a computer cannot run without first loading software but some software must run before any software can be loaded...

Programming Language ... The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos... Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year... Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description...

Konrad Zuse ... Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer...

Fourth-generation Programming Language ... The natural-language, block-structured mode of the third-generation programming languages improved the process of software development... It became clear that some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors... All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development...

Ad-hoc Polymorphism ... This type of polymorphism is common in object-oriented programming languages, many of which allow operators to be overloaded in a manner similar to functions (see operator overloading)...

Computer ... Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out...

Low-level Programming Language ... By comparison, a high-level programming language isolates the execution semantics of a computer architecture from the specification of the program, which simplifies development...

Computer Programming ... In general, good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably)... Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes... History See also: History of programming languages The Antikythera mechanism from ancient Greece was a calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and configuration to determine its operation, which tracked the metonic cycle still used in lunar-to-solar calendars, and which is consistent for calculating the dates of the Olympiads...

Third-generation Programming Language ... First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Delphi, are also third-generation languages...

Programmer ... The ENIAC programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working programmers... Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today...

Colossus Computer ... Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Sidney Broadhurst, William Chandler, Allen Coombs and Harry Fensom. at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park...

Polymorphism (computer Science) ... In the object-oriented programming community, programming using parametric polymorphism is often called generic programming...

Data Type ... Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though different languages may use different terminology... For example, in the Java programming language, the "int" type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication... Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type...

Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...

Personal Computer ... Software applications for personal computers include, but are not limited to, word processing, spreadsheets, databases, Web browsers and e-mail clients, digital media playback, games, and myriad personal productivity and special-purpose software applications. Modern personal computers often have connections to the Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources...

HP Calculators ... With this in mind, HP built the HP 9100 desktop scientific calculator. This was a full-featured calculator that included not only standard "adding machine" functions but also powerful capabilities to handle floating-point numbers, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponentiation, and square roots...

Ajax (programming) ... Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information...

Plankalkül ... "Kalkül" means formal system – the Hilbert-style deduction system is for example originally called "Hilbert-Kalkül", so Plankalkül means "formal system for planning". Description Plankalkül has drawn comparisons to APL and relational algebra...

Second-generation Programming Language ... The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3GL) such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages... Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer... Programming language generations Generations Overview 1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL 5GL ...

Fifth-generation Programming Language ... While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer...

Strong Typing ... Interpretation Most generally, "strong typing" implies that the programming language places severe restrictions on the intermixing that is permitted to occur, preventing the compiling or running of source code which uses data in what is considered to be an invalid way...

High-level Programming Language ... The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse... Abstraction penalty While high-level languages are intended to make complex programming simpler, low-level languages often produce more efficient code... Abstraction penalty is the barrier that prevents high-level programming techniques from being applied in situations where computational resources are limited...