Software Programming and Computer Chess

Logic Programming ... However, Kowalski restricts logic programming to backwards chaining in the form: G if G1 and … and Gn that treats the implications as goal-reduction procedures: to show/solve G, show/solve G1 and … and Gn...

Konrad Zuse ... Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer...

Programming Language Implementation ... There are two general approaches to programming language implementation: Interpretation: An interpreter takes as input a program in some language, and performs the actions written in that language on some machine... When a piece of computer hardware can interpret a programming language directly, that language is called machine code...

Computer Multitasking ... Operating systems may adopt one of many different scheduling strategies, which generally fall into the following categories: In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU...

List Of Concurrent And Parallel Programming Languages ... Functional Concurrent Haskell Concurrent ML Id SequenceL GPU languages CUDA OpenCL OpenHMPP Logic programming Parlog Multi-threaded Cilk Clojure Fork - Programming language for the PRAM model... Go Parasail Object-oriented Ada C* Charm++ Emerald (also distributed) Eiffel SCOOP (Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming) Partitioned global address space (PGAS) Chapel Co-array Fortran Fortress High Performance Fortran Titanium Unified Parallel C X10 ZPL Unsorted NESL Orc Oz - Multi-paradigm language with particular support for constraint and distributed programming...

Colossus Computer ... Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Sidney Broadhurst, William Chandler, Allen Coombs and Harry Fensom. at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park...

Computer ... Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out...

Category: Logic In Computer Science ... For example: Type theory (used in type systems), Formal semantics of programming languages, Hoare logic, and Logic programming; Applications of fundamental concepts derived from the theory of computation that cast light on questions of pure logic... ► Programming language semantics‎ (2 C, 14 P) T ► Temporal logic‎ (13 P) ► Type theory‎ (4 C, 99 P) Z ► Z notation‎ (19 P) Pages in category "Logic in computer science" The following 88 pages are in this category, out of 88 total...

Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...

Semantics (computer Science) ... It has close links with other areas of computer science such as programming language design, type theory, compilers and interpreters, program verification and a model checking...

Genetic Programming ... The first statement of modern "tree-based" Genetic Programming (that is, procedural languages organized in tree-based structures and operated on by suitably defined GA-operators) was given by Nichael L... Koza, a main proponent of GP who has pioneered the application of genetic programming in various complex optimization and search problems...

Duck Typing ... Duck typing is aided by habitually not testing for the type of arguments in method and function bodies, relying on documentation, clear code and testing to ensure correct use. Concept examples Consider the following pseudo-code for a duck-typed language: function calculate (a, b, c) => return (a+b)*c example1 = calculate (1, 2, 3) example2 = calculate (, 2) example3 = calculate ('apples ', 'and oranges, ', 3) print to_string example1 print to_string example2 print to_string example3 In the example, each time the calculate function is called, objects without related inheritance may be used (numbers, lists and strings)...

Programmer ... The ENIAC programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working programmers... Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today...

Programming Tool ... Tools were originally simple and light weight. As some tools have been maintained, they have been integrated into more powerful integrated development environments (IDEs)...

Programming Language Specification ... A programming language specification can take several forms, including the following: An explicit definition of the syntax and semantics of the language... Syntax Syntax in a programming language is usually described using a combination of regular expressions to describe lexemes, and context-free grammars to describe how lexemes may be combined to form a valid program... Semantics Formulating a rigorous semantics of a large, complex, practical programming language is a daunting task even for experienced specialists, and the resulting specification can be difficult for anyone but experts to understand...

Fourth-generation Programming Language ... The natural-language, block-structured mode of the third-generation programming languages improved the process of software development... It became clear that some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors... All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development...

Measuring Programming Language Popularity ... counting lines of code in a GNU/Linux Distribution One organization tracking the popularity of programming languages is Tiobe... Their monthly Programming Community Index has been published since 2001, and shows the top 10 languages' popularity graphically, the top 20 languages with a rating and delta, and the top 50 languages' ratings... Combining and averaging information from various internet sites, langpop.com claims that in 2008 the 10 most cited programming languages are (in alphabetical order): C C++ C# Java JavaScript Perl PHP Python Ruby SQL The Language Popularity Index is based on a similar approach, however in a totally transparent way: counts for all {search engine, language} pairs are published...