Low-level Programming Language ... By comparison, a high-level programming language isolates the execution semantics of a computer architecture from the specification of the program, which simplifies development...
Programming Language ... The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos... Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year... Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description...
Konrad Zuse ... Zuse was also noted for the S2 computing machine, considered the first process-controlled computer. He founded one of the earliest computer businesses in 1941, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer...
Microprocessor ... The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet...
Plankalkül ... "Kalkül" means formal system – the Hilbert-style deduction system is for example originally called "Hilbert-Kalkül", so Plankalkül means "formal system for planning". Description Plankalkül has drawn comparisons to APL and relational algebra...
Data Type ... Almost all programming languages explicitly include the notion of data type, though different languages may use different terminology... For example, in the Java programming language, the "int" type represents the set of 32-bit integers ranging in value from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647, as well as the operations that can be performed on integers, such as addition, subtraction, and multiplication... Most programming languages also allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually by combining multiple elements of other types and defining the valid operations of the new data type...
Computer Multitasking ... Operating systems may adopt one of many different scheduling strategies, which generally fall into the following categories: In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU...
Programmer ... The ENIAC programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working programmers... Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today...
Second-generation Programming Language ... The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3GL) such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages... Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer... Programming language generations Generations Overview 1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL 5GL ...
Software ... It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language...
Computer Network ... Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming...
Pocket Computer ... An important feature of pocket computers was that all programming languages were available for the device itself, not downloaded from a cross-compiler on a larger computer...
Software Bug ... Bugs trigger errors that can in turn have a wide variety of ripple effects, with varying levels of inconvenience to the user of the program. Some bugs have only a subtle effect on the program's functionality, and may thus lie undetected for a long time...
First-generation Programming Language ... The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system...
Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...
Ad-hoc Polymorphism ... This type of polymorphism is common in object-oriented programming languages, many of which allow operators to be overloaded in a manner similar to functions (see operator overloading)...