Pocket Computer ... An important feature of pocket computers was that all programming languages were available for the device itself, not downloaded from a cross-compiler on a larger computer...
Strong Typing ... Interpretation Most generally, "strong typing" implies that the programming language places severe restrictions on the intermixing that is permitted to occur, preventing the compiling or running of source code which uses data in what is considered to be an invalid way...
Computer Programming ... In general, good programming is considered to be the measured application of all three, with the goal of producing an efficient and evolvable software solution (the criteria for "efficient" and "evolvable" vary considerably)... Another ongoing debate is the extent to which the programming language used in writing computer programs affects the form that the final program takes... History See also: History of programming languages The Antikythera mechanism from ancient Greece was a calculator utilizing gears of various sizes and configuration to determine its operation, which tracked the metonic cycle still used in lunar-to-solar calendars, and which is consistent for calculating the dates of the Olympiads...
Computer ... Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out...
Fourth-generation Programming Language ... The natural-language, block-structured mode of the third-generation programming languages improved the process of software development... It became clear that some applications could be developed more rapidly by adding a higher-level programming language and methodology which would generate the equivalent of very complicated 3GL instructions with fewer errors... All 4GLs are designed to reduce programming effort, the time it takes to develop software, and the cost of software development...
Polymorphism (computer Science) ... In the object-oriented programming community, programming using parametric polymorphism is often called generic programming...
Programming Language ... The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos... Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year... Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description...
Third-generation Programming Language ... First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Delphi, are also third-generation languages...
Fifth-generation Programming Language ... While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer...
Computer Multitasking ... Operating systems may adopt one of many different scheduling strategies, which generally fall into the following categories: In multiprogramming systems, the running task keeps running until it performs an operation that requires waiting for an external event (e.g. reading from a tape) or until the computer's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU...
Computer Network ... Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming...
Digital Cable ... Digital cable technology has allowed cable providers to compress video channels so that they take up less frequency space and to offer various two-way communication capabilities. This has enabled digital cable providers to offer more channels, video on demand services (without use of a telephone line), telephone services, high speed internet services, and interactive television services...
Microprocessor ... The advent of low-cost computers on integrated circuits has transformed modern society. General-purpose microprocessors in personal computers are used for computation, text editing, multimedia display, and communication over the Internet...
Second-generation Programming Language ... The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3GL) such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages... Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer... Programming language generations Generations Overview 1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL 5GL ...
ENIAC ... ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain"...
Software ... It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language...
Ajax (programming) ... Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information...
Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...
Programmable Calculator ... For earlier devices, see: History of computing hardware Calculator programming Programmable calculators allow the user to write and store programs in the calculator in order to solve difficult problems or automate an elaborate procedure... Programming capability appears most commonly (although not exclusively) in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source code to be viewed simultaneously (i.e., without having to scroll to the next/previous display line)... Originally, calculator programming had to be done in the calculator's own command language, but as calculator hackers discovered ways to bypass the main interface of the calculators and write assembly language programs, calculator companies (particularly Texas Instruments) began to support native-mode programming on their calculator hardware, first revealing the hooks used to enable such code to operate, and later explicitly building in facilities to handle such programs directly from the user int...
Semantics (computer Science) ... It has close links with other areas of computer science such as programming language design, type theory, compilers and interpreters, program verification and a model checking...
First-generation Programming Language ... The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system...
Colossus Computer ... Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Sidney Broadhurst, William Chandler, Allen Coombs and Harry Fensom. at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park...
Duck Typing ... Duck typing is aided by habitually not testing for the type of arguments in method and function bodies, relying on documentation, clear code and testing to ensure correct use. Concept examples Consider the following pseudo-code for a duck-typed language: function calculate (a, b, c) => return (a+b)*c example1 = calculate (1, 2, 3) example2 = calculate (, 2) example3 = calculate ('apples ', 'and oranges, ', 3) print to_string example1 print to_string example2 print to_string example3 In the example, each time the calculate function is called, objects without related inheritance may be used (numbers, lists and strings)...