Low-level Programming Language ... By comparison, a high-level programming language isolates the execution semantics of a computer architecture from the specification of the program, which simplifies development...
Third-generation Programming Language ... First introduced in the late 1950s, Fortran, ALGOL, and COBOL are early examples of this sort of language. Most popular general-purpose languages today, such as C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Delphi, are also third-generation languages...
Programmer ... The ENIAC programming team, consisting of Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman were the first regularly working programmers... Many technical innovations in programming — advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools — have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today...
Programming Language ... The earliest programming languages predate the invention of the computer, and were used to direct the behavior of machines such as Jacquard looms and player pianos... Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year... Most programming languages describe computation in an imperative style, i.e., as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description...
Software ... It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language...
Ajax (programming) ... Ajax is not a single technology, but a group of technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information...
Colossus Computer ... Colossus was designed by engineer Tommy Flowers with input from Sidney Broadhurst, William Chandler, Allen Coombs and Harry Fensom. at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at Bletchley Park...
HP Calculators ... With this in mind, HP built the HP 9100 desktop scientific calculator. This was a full-featured calculator that included not only standard "adding machine" functions but also powerful capabilities to handle floating-point numbers, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponentiation, and square roots...
Duck Typing ... Duck typing is aided by habitually not testing for the type of arguments in method and function bodies, relying on documentation, clear code and testing to ensure correct use. Concept examples Consider the following pseudo-code for a duck-typed language: function calculate (a, b, c) => return (a+b)*c example1 = calculate (1, 2, 3) example2 = calculate (, 2) example3 = calculate ('apples ', 'and oranges, ', 3) print to_string example1 print to_string example2 print to_string example3 In the example, each time the calculate function is called, objects without related inheritance may be used (numbers, lists and strings)...
Plankalkül ... "Kalkül" means formal system – the Hilbert-style deduction system is for example originally called "Hilbert-Kalkül", so Plankalkül means "formal system for planning". Description Plankalkül has drawn comparisons to APL and relational algebra...
Computer Network ... Communications protocols define the rules and data formats for exchanging information in a computer network, and provide the basis for network programming...
Computer Program ... Source code is written in a programming language that usually follows one of two main paradigms: imperative or declarative programming... Paradigms Computer programs can be categorized by the programming language paradigm used to produce them...
ENIAC ... ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain"...
Semantics (computer Science) ... It has close links with other areas of computer science such as programming language design, type theory, compilers and interpreters, program verification and a model checking...
Second-generation Programming Language ... The term was coined to provide a distinction from higher level third-generation programming languages (3GL) such as COBOL and earlier machine code languages... Second-generation programming languages have the following properties: The code can be read and written by a programmer... Programming language generations Generations Overview 1GL 2GL 3GL 4GL 5GL ...
Strong Typing ... Interpretation Most generally, "strong typing" implies that the programming language places severe restrictions on the intermixing that is permitted to occur, preventing the compiling or running of source code which uses data in what is considered to be an invalid way...
Programmable Calculator ... For earlier devices, see: History of computing hardware Calculator programming Programmable calculators allow the user to write and store programs in the calculator in order to solve difficult problems or automate an elaborate procedure... Programming capability appears most commonly (although not exclusively) in graphing calculators, as the larger screen allows multiple lines of source code to be viewed simultaneously (i.e., without having to scroll to the next/previous display line)... Originally, calculator programming had to be done in the calculator's own command language, but as calculator hackers discovered ways to bypass the main interface of the calculators and write assembly language programs, calculator companies (particularly Texas Instruments) began to support native-mode programming on their calculator hardware, first revealing the hooks used to enable such code to operate, and later explicitly building in facilities to handle such programs directly from the user int...
Booting ... The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to pull oneself up by one's bootstraps. The usage calls attention to the paradox that a computer cannot run without first loading software but some software must run before any software can be loaded...
Pocket Computer ... An important feature of pocket computers was that all programming languages were available for the device itself, not downloaded from a cross-compiler on a larger computer...
High-level Programming Language ... The first high-level programming language designed for computers was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse... Abstraction penalty While high-level languages are intended to make complex programming simpler, low-level languages often produce more efficient code... Abstraction penalty is the barrier that prevents high-level programming techniques from being applied in situations where computational resources are limited...